protein

INS

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about INS: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

403Connections

30Hypotheses

0Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

15Experiments

0Debates

Summary

Page for INS Protein (Insulin)

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🔬 Protein Info

Gene Symbol	INS
Aliases	Insulin
Chromosome	11p15.5
Molecular Weight	6 kDa
Amino Acids	110 aa
Pathways	PI3K, MAPK
GeneCards	INS
Human Protein Atlas	INS
Associated Diseases	Als, Alzheimer, Cancer, Obesity, Parkinson
Known Drugs/Compounds	metformin
Interactions	AGING, AKT, AKT1, ALZHEIMER, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AMPK
KG Connections	403 knowledge graph edges
Databases	GeneCards UniProt NCBI Gene HPA STRING

Wiki Pages (5)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    INS["INS"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Cardiovascular["Cardiovascular"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Diabetes["Diabetes"]
    INS -->|"target for"| Aging["Aging"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| Cancer["Cancer"]
    INS -->|"activates"| Als["Als"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| Atherosclerosis["Atherosclerosis"]
    INS -->|"activates"| Inflammation["Inflammation"]
    INS -->|"contributes to"| INSULIN_RESISTANCE["INSULIN RESISTANCE"]
    INS -->|"interacts"| PPARG["PPARG"]
    Steroid_Hormones["Steroid Hormones"] -->|"regulates"| INS
    PI3K["PI3K"] -->|"target for"| INS
    AND["AND"] -->|"interacts"| INS
    AKT1["AKT1"] -->|"interacts"| INS
    APOPTOSIS["APOPTOSIS"] -->|"contributes to"| INS
    AMPK["AMPK"] -->|"activates"| INS
    OXIDATIVE_STRESS["OXIDATIVE STRESS"] -->|"contributes to"| INS
    INFLAMMATION["INFLAMMATION"] -->|"activates"| INS
    SRC["SRC"] -->|"activates"| INS

Outgoing (257)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
ASPSCR1	activates	protein	0.95
TUG	activates	protein	0.95
Glucose Uptake	activates	process	0.90
Glucose Metabolism	regulates	process	0.90
Cognitive Function	regulates	phenotype	0.85
SYT8	regulates	gene	0.80
Obesity	activates	disease	0.65
Parkinson	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
ALS	regulates	disease	0.65
Tumor	associated_with	disease	0.65
Aging	protects_against	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Cardiovascular	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Diabetes	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
ALS	activates	disease	0.65
ALS	associated_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	regulates	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	activates	disease	0.65
Obesity	associated_with	disease	0.65
Diabetes	activates	disease	0.65
Cancer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Neurodegeneration	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Als	regulates	disease	0.65
Ms	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Aging	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Cancer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Aging	activates	disease	0.65
Cancer	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Als	activates	disease	0.65
Atherosclerosis	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Inflammation	activates	disease	0.65
Parkinson	associated_with	disease	0.65
Als	associated_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Neuroinflammation	activates	disease	0.65
Diabetes	protects_against	disease	0.65
Ms	activates	disease	0.65
Tumor	activates	disease	0.65
Atherosclerosis	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Ms	regulates	disease	0.65
Cancer	protects_against	disease	0.65
Apoptosis	contributes_to	pathway	0.60
EGFR	activates	gene	0.60
KRAS	activates	gene	0.60
HIF	activates	gene	0.60
PARKIN	associated_with	gene	0.60
PIK3CD	activates	gene	0.60
AND	associated_with	gene	0.60
PRKN	associated_with	gene	0.60
PIK3R1	activates	gene	0.60

Incoming (146)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
Steroid Hormones	regulates	compound	0.80
WIPI2	associated_with	gene	0.60
IL1B	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
NOS2	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
GRIA2	associated_with	gene	0.60
RB1	associated_with	gene	0.60
ESR2	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
GRIA2	interacts_with	gene	0.60
ACHE	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
AKT1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
BDNF	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
IL1B	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
PIK3CG	activates	gene	0.60
OPTINEURIN	associated_with	gene	0.60
NOS3	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
IL6	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
APP	interacts_with	gene	0.60
CACNA1C	interacts_with	gene	0.60
GSK3B	interacts_with	gene	0.60
IGF1R	interacts_with	gene	0.60
AKT2	regulates	gene	0.60
CD36	regulates	gene	0.60
FAS	regulates	gene	0.60
FOXO1	regulates	gene	0.60
DRD2	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
PTGS2	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
ESR1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
DRD2	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
ESR2	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
NFKB	associated_with	gene	0.60
SRC	activates	gene	0.60
GSK3B	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
metformin	targets	drug	0.60
ESM1	regulates	gene	0.60
ESM1	associated_with	gene	0.60
HPSE	associated_with	gene	0.60
ICAM1	associated_with	gene	0.60
ACTB	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
APOE	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
ESR1	interacts_with	gene	0.60
JAK2	activates	gene	0.60
PI3K	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
AND	interacts_with	gene	0.60
AKT1	interacts_with	gene	0.60
APOPTOSIS	contributes_to	gene	0.60
AMPK	activates	gene	0.60
OXIDATIVE STRESS	contributes_to	gene	0.60
INFLAMMATION	activates	gene	0.60
PI3K	interacts_with	gene	0.60
MTOR	associated_with	gene	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (30)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Astrocyte-Intrinsic NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Alpha-S	0.822	neurodegeneration	What are the mechanisms by which gut mic
NMN Supplementation Restores SIRT1/p66Shc/FOXO3 Epigenetic A	0.790	neurodegeneration	epigenetic reprogramming aging neurons
Senescent Microglia Resolution via Maresins-Senolytics Combi	0.784	neurodegeneration	Neuroinflammation resolution mechanisms
SIRT1/PGC-1α Axis Activation to Preserve Mitochondrial Resil	0.778	neurodegeneration	How do gut microbiome-derived metabolite
H3: SIRT1 Insufficiency Disconnects Metabolic Sensing from E	0.770	neurodegeneration	Investigate mechanisms of epigenetic rep

Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated APOE4 Haploinsufficiency	0.720	neurodegeneration	APOE4 targeting in neurodegeneration
TREM2 haploinsufficiency dysregulates microglial synaptic su	0.700	neurodegeneration	Synaptic pruning by microglia in neurode
Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Inte	0.698	neuroimmunology	Do CXCL10-recruited CD8+ T cells provide
Optogenetic Microglial Deactivation via Engineered Inhibitor	0.655	neurodegeneration	Synaptic pruning by microglia in early A
Mitochondrial ROS from complex I and cardiolipin instability	0.640	neurodegeneration	What mechanisms drive the self-amplifyin
ER-Mitochondria Calcium Microdomains Couple Mitophagy and ER	0.636	neurodegeneration	How do different organelle-specific auto
Designer TRAK1-KIF5 fusion proteins accelerate therapeutic m	0.621	neurodegeneration	Mitochondrial transfer between astrocyte
Age-Accelerated miR-155 Upregulation Primes Nigral Microglia	0.610	neuroinflammation	How do regional, age, and sex-dependent
DAPK1 Inhibition as Dual-Mechanism Neuroprotection Against T	0.604	neurodegeneration	Should microtubule-stabilizing drugs be
Brain Insulin Resistance with Glucose Transporter Dysfunctio	0.596	neurodegeneration	Metabolic reprogramming in neurodegenera
A post-trigger CDK5-dominant kinase feedback loop maintains	0.590	neurodegeneration	Does tau dendritic missorting persist in
G3BP1 Haploinsufficiency Reveals a Therapeutic Window for SG	0.590	neurodegeneration	How do disease-associated mutations in G
ITGAM/CD11b direct binding explains microglial phagocytosis	0.582	molecular biology	Does Alectinib truly bind C1q directly w
Modulation of G3BP1 Intrinsically Disordered Region Solvatio	0.500	neurodegeneration	How does TRIM21-mediated K63 ubiquitinat
Selectively Inhibit Maladaptive AQP4-Driven Astrocyte-Microg	0.500	neurodegeneration	How can AQP4 be effectively targeted the
Reactive astrocyte glutamate-handling failure sustains dendr	0.490	neurodegeneration	Does tau dendritic missorting persist in
Sulfated glycans and metal-binding CSF proteins brace alpha-	0.489	neurodegeneration	Which specific CSF molecular components
Kinesin-Dependent Peripheral Microtubule Transport Maintains	0.486	neurodegeneration	What determines the spatial organization
ISG Threshold Model Explains Acute vs Chronic Neurodegenerat	0.480	neuroinflammation	How does chronic cGAS/STING activation d
RNA-binding proteins stabilize or gate the lncRNA-0021:mmu-m	0.480	molecular neurobiology	How does lncRNA-0021 achieve sequence-sp
Ethnic and Metabolic Epigenetic Clock Divergence Explains Di	0.474	-	Epigenetic clocks as biomarkers for Alzh
CHIP E3 Ligase Enhancement to Target Synaptic Proteins for D	0.472	proteomics	Quantitative proteomics of the aging syn
Seed Conformational Heterogeneity Explains Variable Chaperon	0.460	protein folding	Can chaperone enhancement approaches ove
Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Enabling Peripheral Inflammat	0.430	neurodegeneration	How does APOE4 mechanistically increase
Lactate-HCAR1 signaling maintains a self-reinforcing glycoly	0.427	neuroinflammation	Do microglia actually switch between gly

Mentioning Analyses (0)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

No analyses mention this entity

Experiments (15)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Epigenetic clocks association with brain aging patterns in older women	exploratory	cognitive impairment and demen	0.900	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
PGC-1α knockout analysis of PV+ interneuron maturation	validation	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.850	0.00	knockout mice	proposed	N/A
PV+ interneuron subtype diversification analysis	exploratory	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.750	0.00	mouse cortical PV+ interneuron	proposed	N/A
TREM2 Function in Alzheimer's Disease — From Risk Variant to Therapeut	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.450	0.50	human	proposed	$2,960,000
Proposed experiment from debate on Senolytics targeting p16/p21+ senes	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$80,000
Mechanism: Why Does Amyloid Removal Only Slow Decline 27%?	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$7,500,000
cGAS-STING Pathway Validation Study in Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$7,100,000
Microglial Aging and Immune Memory in Neurodegeneration — Training the	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$2,960,000
Microglial Contributions to Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis	validation	Neuroinflammation	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$2,960,000
Mixed Pathology Effects on Parkinson's Disease Progression and Treatme	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
NLRP3 Inflammasome Validation Study in Parkinson's Disease	clinical	Parkinson's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Senolytic Therapy (D+Q) Phase IIa Trial in Early Alzheimer's Disease	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000
Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease Relationship	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$3,000,000
Proposed experiment from debate on Microglia activate astrocytes via I	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$100,000
Proposed experiment from debate on Synaptic pruning by microglia in ea	falsification	Neuroinflammation	0.400	0.50	mouse	proposed	$240,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Reducing microglial lipid load enhances β amyloid phagocytosis in an Alzheimer's [PMID:39908361]	Wu X, Miller JA, Lee BTK, Wang Y, Ruedl	Sci Adv	2025	1
Caloric Restriction Intervention Alters Specific Circulating Biomarkers of the S [PMID:37738560]	Justice JN, Leng XI, LeBrasseur NK, Tchk	J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci	2024	1
Fractalkine Enhances Hematoma Resolution and Improves Neurological Function via [PMID:37465997]	Chen X, He X, Xu F, Xu N, Sharifi NH, Zh	Stroke	2023	1
Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Ca [PMID:35642214]	Wang M, Pan W, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wan J, Jia	J Inflamm Res	2022	1
CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. [PMID:34492237]	Subbarayan MS, Joly-Amado A, Bickford PC	Pharmacol Ther	2022	1
Sex differences in autophagy-mediated diseases: toward precision medicine. [PMID:32264724]	Shang D, Wang L, Klionsky DJ, Cheng H, Z	Autophagy	2021	1
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneous tumor and immune cell populatio [PMID:33144684]	He D, Wang D, Lu P, Yang N, Xue Z, Zhu X	Oncogene	2021	1
Microglia in neurodegeneration. [PMID:30258234]	Hickman S, Izzy S, Sen P, Morsett L, El	Nat Neurosci	2018	1
Clearance of senescent cells by ABT263 rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells [PMID:26657143]	Chang J, Wang Y, Shao L, Laberge RM, Dem	Nat Med	2016	1
The Achilles' heel of senescent cells: from transcriptome to senolytic drugs. [PMID:25754370]	Zhu Y, Tchkonia T, Pirtskhalava T, Gower	Aging Cell	2015	1
Senolytic elimination of therapy-induced senescent cells by ABT-263 improves che [PMID:41423036]	Zhang D, Zhu J, Zou R, Zhang H, Yu BP, L	Biochemical pharmacology	2026	0
Spatiotemporal dynamic regulation of the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis: A double-edged swor [PMID:41564496]	Liang J, Zhu W, Pan R, Wei S, Zhang S et	Cytokine Growth Factor Rev	2026	0
Comprehensive assessment of the genomic stability of human induced pluripotent s [PMID:41877289]	Zhang K, Na T, Jia C, Yuan X, Guo M, Yan	Stem cell research & therapy	2026	0
Characterization of the Direct and Indirect Inhibition of Apoptosis by Full-Leng [PMID:41589352]	Elsner C, Epasto LM, Cieren A, Gendreizi	Chembiochem : a European journ	2026	0
Exploring the key molecular mechanisms and immune microenvironment of oxidative [PMID:41591671]	Cai Z, Li J, Li T, Peng Q	Discover oncology	2026	0
Navitoclax acts synergistically with irradiation to induce apoptosis in preclini [PMID:41430412]	Vardon A, Haston S, Hamdi H, Cooksley G,	Scientific reports	2025	0
Combination of senolytic and pro-resolving mediator shows synergistic benefit in [PMID:synthetic_19]	Unknown	Nat Aging	2024	0
Senolytic treatment diminishes microglia and decreases severity of experimental [PMID:39487537]	Drake SS, Zaman A, Gianfelice C, Hua EM,	Journal of neuroinflammation	2024	0
CSF markers of microglial senescence predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer's di [PMID:synthetic_20]	Unknown	Ann Neurol	2023	0
Senescent microglia accumulate in Alzheimer's disease brains and drive neuroinfl [PMID:synthetic_16]	Unknown	Nature	2023	0

Debates (0)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

No debates reference this entity

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning INS in their description or question text

Antisense Oligonucleotide-Mediated APOE4 Haploinsufficiency

Score: 0.720 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene encodes a 299-amino acid glycoprotein that serve

TREM2 haploinsufficiency dysregulates microglial synaptic surveillance, switchin

Score: 0.700 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) functions as a criti

Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Integrity Against Cytoto

Score: 0.698 · neuroimmunology · 2026-04-15

## Mechanistic Overview Granzyme B Inhibition with Serpina3n to Preserve Axonal Integrity Against Cytotoxic Attack start

Optogenetic Microglial Deactivation via Engineered Inhibitory Opsins

Score: 0.655 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-02

## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic Microglial Deactivation via Engineered Inhibitory Opsins starts from the claim that

Mitochondrial ROS from complex I and cardiolipin instability forms a local organ

Score: 0.640 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-25

Electron leak at complex I and destabilized inner-membrane architecture generate superoxide and lipid oxidation that dam

ER-Mitochondria Calcium Microdomains Couple Mitophagy and ER-Phagy Initiation

Score: 0.636 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-21

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The hypothesis centers on a sophisticated intracellular signaling network orchest

Designer TRAK1-KIF5 fusion proteins accelerate therapeutic mitochondrial deliver

Score: 0.621 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-02

## Mechanistic Overview Designer TRAK1-KIF5 fusion proteins accelerate therapeutic mitochondrial delivery starts from th

Age-Accelerated miR-155 Upregulation Primes Nigral Microglia for Parkinson's Dis

Score: 0.610 · neuroinflammation · 2026-04-22

## Mechanistic Overview Age-Accelerated miR-155 Upregulation Primes Nigral Microglia for Parkinson's Disease Pathology s

DAPK1 Inhibition as Dual-Mechanism Neuroprotection Against Tau-Induced Destabili

Score: 0.604 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-15

## Mechanistic Overview DAPK1 Inhibition as Dual-Mechanism Neuroprotection Against Tau-Induced Destabilization starts fr

Brain Insulin Resistance with Glucose Transporter Dysfunction

Score: 0.596 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-02

## Mechanistic Overview Brain Insulin Resistance with Glucose Transporter Dysfunction starts from the claim that modulat

A post-trigger CDK5-dominant kinase feedback loop maintains dendritic phospho-ta

Score: 0.590 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-25

Transient Aβ exposure activates local kinase programs, especially CDK5/p25 and possibly GSK3β, that keep tau phosphoryla

G3BP1 Haploinsufficiency Reveals a Therapeutic Window for SG-Targeting Intervent

Score: 0.590 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-22

## Mechanistic Overview G3BP1 Haploinsufficiency Reveals a Therapeutic Window for SG-Targeting Interventions starts from

ITGAM/CD11b direct binding explains microglial phagocytosis blockade

Score: 0.582 · molecular biology · 2026-04-21

**Molecular Mechanism and Rationale** The proposed mechanism centers on alectinib's potential direct interaction with t

Modulation of G3BP1 Intrinsically Disordered Region Solvation Free Energy

Score: 0.500 · neurodegeneration · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Modulation of G3BP1 Intrinsically Disordered Region Solvation Free Energy starts from the claim

Selectively Inhibit Maladaptive AQP4-Driven Astrocyte-Microglia Inflammatory Sig