gene

PVALB

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about PVALB: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

610Connections

18Hypotheses

2Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

4Experiments

5Debates

Summary

PVALB encodes parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons. Critical for cortical inhibition, gamma oscillations, and is vulnerable in AD/PD.

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🧬 Gene Info

Gene Symbol	PVALB
Protein Type	Signaling Protein
Target Class	Signaling Protein
Function	No known druggable mechanism
Mechanism of Action	No known druggable mechanism
Primary Expression	a specific subset of GABAergic interneurons known as fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, which play critical roles in regulating cor
Druggability	Low (0.34)
Clinical Stage	Phase II
Molecular Weight	12 kDa
Amino Acids	109 aa
Pathways	Autophagy, Epigenetic, GABAergic signaling, Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling, Wnt
UniProt ID	P20472
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000100347
GeneCards	PVALB
Human Protein Atlas	PVALB
Associated Diseases	Aging, Als, Alzheimer, alzheimer_s_disease, Alzheimer's disease
Known Drugs/Compounds	17-β estradiol
Interactions	ALZHEIMER, ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, AMYLOID, AMYLOID-Β PLAQUES, AND, APP
SciDEX Target	View Target Profile (3 clinical trials)
SciDEX Hypotheses	Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 4 Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV in (+15 more)
KG Connections	608 knowledge graph edges
Databases	GeneCards NCBI Gene HPA STRING

🔮 Predicted Structure: PVALB — AlphaFold P20472 Click to expand

AI-predicted structure from AlphaFold | Powered by Mol*

Wiki Pages (2)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

PVALB Gene - Parvalbumin

gene · 2503 words

→

Parvalbumin (PVALB) Protein

protein · 617 words

→

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    PVALB["PVALB"]
    Thalamo_Amygdala_Signaling(["Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling"])
    PVALB -->|"involved in"| Thalamo_Amygdala_Signaling
    Alzheimer_s_disease{"Alzheimer's disease"}
    PVALB -->|"therapeutic target"| Alzheimer_s_disease
    Neurodegeneration{"Neurodegeneration"}
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| Neurodegeneration
    PVALB -->|"implicated in"| Alzheimer_s_disease
    NR3C1["NR3C1"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| NR3C1
    NEURODEGENERATION["NEURODEGENERATION"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| NEURODEGENERATION
    TNF["TNF"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| TNF
    APP["APP"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| APP
    BDNF["BDNF"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| BDNF
    DLG4["DLG4"]
    PVALB -->|"associated with"| DLG4
    FKBP5["FKBP5"]
    PVALB -->|"interacts with"| FKBP5
    Amygdala["Amygdala"]
    PVALB -->|"expressed in"| Amygdala
    h_62f9fc90["h-62f9fc90"]
    h_62f9fc90 -->|"therapeutic target"| PVALB
    h_62f9fc90 -->|"targets"| PVALB
    CASP3["CASP3"]
    CASP3 -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    FKBP5 -->|"interacts with"| PVALB
    APP -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    TNF -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    AND["AND"]
    AND -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    DLG4 -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    BDNF -->|"associated with"| PVALB
    NR3C1 -->|"interacts with"| PVALB
    style PVALB fill:#1a3a4a,stroke:#4fc3f7,stroke-width:3px,color:#e0e0e0

Outgoing (395)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
Sensory Thalamic Reticular Nucleus	expressed_in	brain_region	0.95
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	associated_with	disease	0.90
SST	associated_with	gene	0.90
gamma_oscillation	generates	pathway	0.90
neurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.90
Thalamo-Amygdala Signaling	involved_in	pathway	0.85
thalamo-amygdala signaling	involved_in	pathway	0.85
Social Memory	involved_in	process	0.85
Cerebral cortex function regulation	involved_in	process	0.80
GABAergic neurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.80
autophagy pathway	participates_in	pathway	0.80
interneurons	regulates	cell_type	0.80
interneurons	associated_with	cell_type	0.70
interneurons	expressed_in	cell_type	0.70
neural stem cells	associated_with	cell_type	0.70
schizophrenia	regulates	disease	0.70
oxidative stress response	participates_in	pathway	0.70
neurons	inhibits	cell_type	0.70
neurons	expressed_in	cell_type	0.70
neurons	regulates	cell_type	0.70
Alzheimer's disease	therapeutic_target	disease	0.70
cortex	expressed_in	brain_region	0.70
Prefrontal inhibitory circuits	participates_in	pathway	0.69
Alzheimer's disease	associated_with	disease	0.69
Alzheimer	associated_with	disease	0.65
Schizophrenia	associated_with	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	encodes	disease	0.65
Dementia	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Epilepsy	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Als	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Epilepsy	encodes	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	activates	disease	0.65
Neurodegeneration	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Glaucoma	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Als	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Schizophrenia	regulates	disease	0.65
ALS	associated_with	disease	0.65
ALS	expressed_in	disease	0.65
Neurodegeneration	interacts_with	disease	0.65
Pyroptosis	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	expressed_in	disease	0.65
ALS	activates	disease	0.65
Aging	expressed_in	disease	0.65
ALS	regulates	disease	0.65
Aging	associated_with	disease	0.65
Autism	regulates	disease	0.65
Epilepsy	associated_with	disease	0.65
Als	activates	disease	0.65
Alzheimer	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65
Dementia	therapeutic_target	disease	0.65

Incoming (215)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
h-var-f4b4d4de63	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-9da3ee8550	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-6c90f2e594	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-14d7585dd1	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-4eca108177	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-6612521a02	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-7eaceb5a55	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-ee70969116	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-62f9fc90	targets	hypothesis	0.90
h-f8316acf	targets	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-862d6a66d2	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-e95d2d1d86	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
h-var-58e76ac310	targets_gene	hypothesis	0.90
Sst	associated_with	cell_type	0.75
BDNF	associated_with	gene	0.60
NPY	interacts_with	gene	0.60
AURKB	associated_with	gene	0.60
IL22	interacts_with	gene	0.60
MMP12	interacts_with	gene	0.60
S100B	activates	gene	0.60
CALB1	inhibits	gene	0.60
LAMP5	associated_with	gene	0.60
PENK	inhibits	gene	0.60
KIF5B	associated_with	gene	0.60
autophagy	regulates	pathway	0.60
17-β estradiol	activates	drug	0.60
IL6R	interacts_with	gene	0.60
NEFL	associated_with	gene	0.60
KIF15	associated_with	gene	0.60
TMEM106B	associated_with	gene	0.60
RGS5	expressed_in	gene	0.60
CDC42	associated_with	gene	0.60
SLC17A6	associated_with	gene	0.60
SLC17A7	associated_with	gene	0.60
SLC17A7	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC17A6	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC12A5	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SYN2	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
GAD1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SYP	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
SLC32A1	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
GRIN2A	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
GAD1	associated_with	gene	0.60
NPY	associated_with	gene	0.60
SNAP25	biomarker_for	gene	0.60
AURKB	interacts_with	gene	0.60
TPR	associated_with	gene	0.60
RANK	therapeutic_target	gene	0.60
CALM1	interacts_with	gene	0.60
NEFH	associated_with	gene	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (18)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma	1.000	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons to restore	0.944	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons	0.927	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations vi	0.863	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop focused ultrasound targeting EC-II PV interneuro	0.863	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippo	0.858	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress	0.857	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to	0.831	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippo	0.827	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV	0.797	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Prefrontal sensory gating circuit restoration via PV interne	0.775	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-br	0.622	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance	0.596	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time g	0.564	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorh	0.564	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound target	0.559	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations vi	0.555	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode
Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound target	0.542	Alzheimer's disease	Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurode

Mentioning Analyses (2)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Circuit-level neural dynamics in neurodegeneration

neuroscience | 2026-04-03 | 66 hypotheses Top: 1.000

Cell type vulnerability in Alzheimers Disease (SEA-AD transcriptomic data)

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-03 | 18 hypotheses Top: 0.847

Experiments (4)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Epigenetic clocks association with brain aging patterns in older women	exploratory	cognitive impairment and demen	0.900	0.00	human patients	proposed	N/A
SIRPα modulation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease	validation	Alzheimer's disease	0.900	0.00	mouse models of Alzheimer's di	proposed	N/A
Microglial SIRPα expression in human Alzheimer's disease tissue	exploratory	Alzheimer's disease	0.800	0.00	human brain tissue	proposed	N/A
Closed-loop tFUS Enhances Glymphatic Clearance and Restores CA1 PV Int	in_vivo	Alzheimer's disease	0.765	0.55	APP/PS1 mice 8-11 months (n=10	proposed	$125,000

Related Papers (17)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year
Retinal Müller glia alterations and their impact on ocular glymphatic clearance [PMID:41603340]	Das G, Raghunathan R, Wang L	J Alzheimers Dis	2026
The Glymphatic-Venous Axis in Brain Clearance Failure: Aquaporin-4 Dysfunction, [PMID:41226584]	["Costea D", "Dobrin N", "Tataru C", "To	International journal of molec	2025
Longitudinal changes of blood-brain barrier and transcytolemmal water exchange p [PMID:40089221]	Xiong C, Yu Z, Yin Y	Neuroimage	2025
Targeting Neural Oscillations for Cognitive Enhancement in Alzheimer’s Disease [PMID:40142358]	Federica Palacino, P. Manganotti, A. Ben	{'name': 'Medicina', 'volume':	2025
The future of biomarkers for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and [PMID:40542975]	Lennon MJ, Karvelas N, Ganesh A	Geroscience	2025
A therapeutic small molecule enhances γ-oscillations and improves cognitio [PMID:39106304]	Unknown	Proceedings of the National Ac	2024
Parvalbumin Interneuron Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Epilepsy [PMID:38791587]	["Leitch B"]	International journal of molec	2024
P-tau217 correlates with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease, and targeting [PMID:38513667]	Zhang D, Zhang W, Ming C, Gao X, Yuan H,	Neuron	2024
The necroptosis cell death pathway drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disea [PMID:38852117]	Balusu S, De Strooper B	Acta neuropathologica	2024
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at gamma frequency: an up-an [PMID:38926897]	De Paolis ML, Paoletti I, Zaccone C	Transl Neurodegener	2024
Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Mellitus in Alzheimer's Disease. [PMID:34069890]	Burillo J, Marqués P, Jiménez B, Gonzále	Cells	2021
Impact of 40 Hz Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Cerebral Tau Bur [PMID:34958021]	M. Dhaynaut, G. Sprugnoli, D. Cappon	{'name': "Journal of Alzheimer	2021
Improvement of glymphatic-lymphatic drainage of beta-amyloid by focused ultrasou [PMID:32999351]	Lee Y, Choi Y, Park EJ	Sci Rep	2020
Gamma frequency entrainment attenuates amyloid load and modifies microglia. [PMID:27929004]	["Iaccarino H", "Singer A", "Martorell A	Nature	2016
Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysf [PMID:22541439]	Verret L, Mann EO, Hang GB, Barth AM, Co	Cell	2012
Intraneuronal beta-amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in tra [PMID:17021169]	["Oakley, Holly", "Cole, Sarah L", "Loga	The Journal of neuroscience :	2006
The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road [PMID:12130773]	["Hardy, John", "Selkoe, Dennis J"]	Science (New York, N.Y.)	2002

Debates (5)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Hypothesis debate: Closed-loop optogenetic targeting PV interneurons to restore

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.00 · 2026-04-26

Hypothesis debate: Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting EC-II S

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.00 · 2026-04-26

Hypothesis debate: Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with 40Hz gamma e

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.00 · 2026-04-26

Analyze circuit-level changes in neurodegeneration using Allen Institute Neural

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-03

What cell types are most vulnerable in Alzheimers Disease based on SEA-AD transc

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.90 · 2026-04-03

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning PVALB in their description or question text

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscilla

Score: 0.858 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-05

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via direct

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firing and bl

Score: 0.857 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-05

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to suppress burst firing and block tau propagat

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to restore gamma rhyth

Score: 0.831 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-05

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II parvalbumin interneurons to restore gamma rhythmogenesis and bl

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscilla

Score: 0.827 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-16

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound to restore hippocampal gamma oscillations via glymph

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons with r

Score: 0.797 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting CA1 PV interneurons with real-time gamma f

Prefrontal sensory gating circuit restoration via PV interneuron enhancement

Score: 0.775 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-02

## Molecular Mechanism and Rationale Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons represent the most abundant class of GAB

Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-brain barrier opening

Score: 0.622 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic viral vector delivery via tFUS-mediated blood-brain barrier opening to restore hippo

Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance perisomatic inhibiti

Score: 0.596 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-07

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop tACS targeting EC-II PV interneurons to enhance perisomatic inhibition and block tau

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time gamma feedback to res

Score: 0.564 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-17

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound with real-time gamma feedback to restore PV interneu

Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorhinal PV interneurons

Score: 0.564 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-20

## Mechanistic Overview Closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting entorhinal PV interneurons to restore Anky

Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PVALB interneuro

Score: 0.559 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PVALB interneurons with continuo

Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via channelrhodopsin-2

Score: 0.555 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Optogenetic restoration of hippocampal gamma oscillations via channelrhodopsin-2 expression in P

Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PV interneurons

Score: 0.542 · Alzheimer's disease · 2026-04-21

## Mechanistic Overview Real-time closed-loop transcranial focused ultrasound targeting PV interneurons with API-integra