concept

PD

Entity Detail — Knowledge Graph Node

Understanding Entity Pages

This page aggregates everything SciDEX knows about PD: its mechanistic relationships (Knowledge Graph edges), hypotheses targeting it, analyses mentioning it, and supporting scientific papers. The interactive graph below shows its immediate neighbors. All content is AI-synthesized from peer-reviewed literature.

910Connections

15Hypotheses

10Analyses

50Outgoing

50Incoming

7Experiments

11Debates

Summary

PD is a concept in neurodegeneration research. Key relationships include: implicated in, causes, associated with. Associated with DEPRESSION, T2DM, synucleinopathies. Connected to 53 entities in the SciDEX knowledge graph.

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💡 Concept Info

Name	PD
Key Genes/Proteins	263BP_ALLELE, 265BP_ALLELE, 267BP_ALLELE, 269BP_ALLELE, 271BP_ALLELE, 273BP_ALLELE
Related Diseases	AGE
Linked Hypotheses	14 hypotheses

Wiki Pages (21)

Knowledge base pages for this entity

Canonical Page

Pathway Diagram

graph TD
    PD["PD"]
    PD -->|"causes"| NEURODEGENERATION["NEURODEGENERATION"]
    PD -->|"causes"| DOPAMINERGIC_NEURONS["DOPAMINERGIC_NEURONS"]
    PD -->|"contributes to"| synucleinopathies["synucleinopathies"]
    PD -->|"causes"| neurodegeneration["neurodegeneration"]
    NEUROINFLAMMATION["NEUROINFLAMMATION"] -->|"contributes to"| PD
    SNCA["SNCA"] -->|"causes"| PD
    LRRK2["LRRK2"] -->|"causes"| PD
    GBA1["GBA1"] -->|"causes"| PD
    PRKN["PRKN"] -->|"causes"| PD
    PINK1["PINK1"] -->|"causes"| PD
    PARK7["PARK7"] -->|"causes"| PD
    VPS35["VPS35"] -->|"causes"| PD
    alpha_synuclein["alpha_synuclein"] -->|"causes"| PD
    neurodegeneration -->|"causes"| PD
    haploinsufficiency["haploinsufficiency"] -->|"causes"| PD
    protein_truncating_variants["protein_truncating_variants"] -->|"causes"| PD

Outgoing (213)

Target	Relation	Type	Str
DOPAMINERGIC_NEURONS	causes	cell_type	0.87
NEURODEGENERATION	causes	phenotype	0.87
synucleinopathies	contributes_to	disease	0.76
neurodegeneration	causes	phenotype	0.72
DEPRESSION	associated_with	disease	0.64
T2DM	associated_with	disease	0.64
SNCA	co_discussed	gene	0.60
STING	co_discussed	gene	0.60
RAGE	co_discussed	gene	0.60
VPS35	co_discussed	gene	0.60
SQSTM1	inhibits	gene	0.60
TAU	targets	gene	0.60
TREM2	regulates	gene	0.60
TREM2	activates	gene	0.60
PINK1	associated_with	gene	0.60
PINK1	enhances	gene	0.60
SYT1	expresses	gene	0.60
SYT1	activates	gene	0.60
SOD1	activates	gene	0.60
TARDBP	activates	gene	0.60
PSD95	interacts_with	gene	0.60
SNCA	inhibits	gene	0.60
STING	mediates	gene	0.60
TH	enhances	gene	0.60
TAU	co_discussed	gene	0.60
PINK1	expresses	gene	0.60
TAU	activates	gene	0.60
TH	expresses	gene	0.60
TFEB	co_discussed	gene	0.60
VPS35	causes	gene	0.60
VPS35	associated_with	gene	0.60
VPS35	mediates	gene	0.60
SOD1	interacts_with	gene	0.60
SQSTM1	co_discussed	gene	0.60
TFEB	expresses	gene	0.60
TFEB	protects_against	gene	0.60
RIPK3	inhibits	gene	0.60
TAU	causes	gene	0.60
RAS	associated_with	gene	0.60
TLR4	co_discussed	gene	0.60
PSEN1	inhibits	gene	0.60
TAU	inhibits	gene	0.60
RIPK3	activates	gene	0.60
TLR4	activates	gene	0.60
STING	interacts_with	gene	0.60
SMPD1	enhances	gene	0.60
TAU	regulates	gene	0.60
TAU	markers	gene	0.60
SLC6A3	associated_with	gene	0.60
TREM2	inhibits	gene	0.60

Incoming (697)

Source	Relation	Type	Str
therapeutics-adenosine-a2a-receptor-antagonists-pd	describes	wiki	0.90
TNF	associated_with	entity	0.85
PARKIN	associated_with	entity	0.85
PINK1	associated_with	entity	0.85
NLRP3	associated_with	entity	0.80
NRF2	protects_against	entity	0.80
NEUROINFLAMMATION	associated_with	phenotype	0.79
TP53	regulates	gene	0.75
PRKN	causes	gene	0.72
SNCA	causes	gene	0.72
LRRK2	causes	gene	0.72
alpha_synuclein	causes	protein	0.72
PINK1	causes	gene	0.72
GBA1	causes	gene	0.72
PARK7	causes	gene	0.72
VPS35	causes	gene	0.72
neurodegeneration	causes	phenotype	0.72
haploinsufficiency	causes	phenotype	0.68
protein_truncating_variants	causes	phenotype	0.68
entities-ltp	associated_with	wiki	0.65
265BP_ALLELE	activates	gene	0.64
267BP_ALLELE	inhibits	gene	0.64
269BP_ALLELE	activates	gene	0.64
PD_ProS	associated_with	phenotype	0.64
271BP_ALLELE	activates	gene	0.64
AGE	associated_with	phenotype	0.64
EPS	treats	drug	0.64
T2DM	associated_with	disease	0.64
TPM2	associated_with	gene	0.60
RAC1	associated_with	gene	0.60
NLRP3	interacts_with	gene	0.60
LRRK2	regulates	gene	0.60
PARKINSON DISEASE	co_discussed	disease	0.60
HD	activates	gene	0.60
JAK	inhibits	gene	0.60
MAPK	inhibits	gene	0.60
NEURON	targets	cell_type	0.60
INFLAMMASOME	regulates	pathway	0.60
ASTROCYTES	activates	cell_type	0.60
ASTROCYTE	expresses	cell_type	0.60
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE	disrupts	disease	0.60
DRD2	protects_against	gene	0.60
NEURON	mediates	cell_type	0.60
FGF	co_discussed	gene	0.60
AUTOPHAGY	interacts_with	pathway	0.60
HTT	activates	gene	0.60
MAPT	targets	gene	0.60
MTOR	targets	gene	0.60
FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA	activates	disease	0.60
NEURONS	targets	cell_type	0.60

Targeting Hypotheses (15)

Hypotheses where this entity is a therapeutic target

Hypothesis	Score	Disease	Analysis
SIRT1/PGC-1α Axis Activation to Preserve Mitochondrial Resil	0.778	neurodegeneration	How do gut microbiome-derived metabolite
PDE4 Inhibition as Inflammatory Reset for PD Oligodendrocyte	0.734	neuroinflammation	How do oligodendrocytes initiate neuroin
SMPD1 (Acid Sphingomyelinase) Inhibition for Ceramide Reduct	0.732	neurodegeneration	How do sphingomyelin/ceramide ratios spe
TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Axis Blockade to Interrupt LPS-Mediated Gut	0.703	neurodegeneration	How do gut microbiome-derived metabolite
Pericyte Contractility Reset via Selective PDGFR-β Agonism	0.684	neurodegeneration	Perivascular spaces and glymphatic clear

Pericyte-First Sequential Biomarker Cascade — Soluble PDGFR-	0.662	-	Blood-brain barrier permeability changes
Cyclophilin D (CypD) Displacement by Mitochondrial TDP-43	0.656	neurodegeneration	What upstream mechanisms cause TDP-43 to
PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ/STAT3 Paracrine Signaling Axis Mediates Aβ-In	0.618	neurodegeneration	How do perivascular cells specifically r
Aβ-induced downregulation of circPDS5B derepresses TDP-43 mR	0.595	neurodegeneration	What mechanisms drive TDP-43 pathology s
Metabolic Rescue PDH Activation (H5): Indirect Lipogenesis S	0.550	neurodegeneration	Does restoring neuronal AMPK activity re
Platelet-Derived PDGF-BB Primes VSMCs for P2RY12 Upregulatio	0.480	neurodegeneration	What determines P2RY12 receptor expressi
Cerebral VSMC foam cells induce pericyte detachment via PDGF	0.473	neurodegeneration	How does P2RY12-mediated VSMC dysfunctio
Metabolic Reprogramming Toward GAPDH Inhibition	0.450	neurodegeneration	How does controlled lysosomal membrane p
Pharmacologic modulation of D2 autoreceptor-Gi/o signaling i	0.420	neurodegeneration	Does RGS6 upregulation or D2 autorecepto
PDE10A Inhibition to Bypass RGS6 Deficiency via cAMP Pathway	0.224	neurodegeneration	Does RGS6 upregulation or D2 autorecepto

Mentioning Analyses (10)

Scientific analyses that reference this entity

Blood-brain barrier permeability changes as early biomarkers for neurodegenerati

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-26 | 5 hypotheses Top: 0.712

Microglial subtypes in neurodegeneration — friend vs foe

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-17 | 7 hypotheses Top: 0.685

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-17 | 0 hypotheses

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-16 | 1 hypotheses Top: 0.627

Gut Microbiome Analysis in Parkinson's Disease

neurodegeneration | 2026-04-16 | 0 hypotheses

Experiments (7)

Experimental studies targeting or related to this entity

Experiment	Type	Disease	Score	Feasibility	Model	Status	Est. Cost
Irisin effects on angiogenesis in human endothelial cells	exploratory	bone fracture	0.900	0.00	human umbilical vein endotheli	proposed	N/A
PGC-1α knockout analysis of PV+ interneuron maturation	validation	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.850	0.00	knockout mice	proposed	N/A
Molecular docking analysis of aminophylline binding targets	exploratory	depression	0.800	0.00	in silico molecular docking	proposed	N/A
PV+ interneuron subtype diversification analysis	exploratory	neurodevelopmental disorders	0.750	0.00	mouse cortical PV+ interneuron	proposed	N/A
Proposed experiment from debate on Perivascular spaces and glymphatic	falsification	Neurodegeneration	0.400	0.50	cell_line	proposed	$100,000
Vascular Contribution to Alzheimer's Disease — Beyond Amyloid	validation	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$2,280,000
Vascular Contributions to Alzheimer Disease and Mixed Pathology	clinical	Alzheimer's Disease	0.400	0.50	human	proposed	$5,460,000

Related Papers (20)

Scientific publications cited in analyses involving this entity

Title & PMID	Authors	Journal	Year	Citations
Targeting ECM-producing cells with CAR-T therapy alleviates fibrosis in chronic [PMID:40848726]	Zhao S, Li R, Xia Y, Wang X, Liu Z, Chu	Cell Stem Cell	2025	1
Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain dis [PMID:39526043]	Kempuraj D, Dourvetakis KD, Cohen J, Val	Front Cell Neurosci	2024	1
The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. [PMID:37446066]	Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, T	Int J Mol Sci	2023	1
Interplay of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors, LRPs, and Lipoproteins in Pulmon [PMID:35257044]	Calvier L, Herz J, Hansmann G	JACC Basic Transl Sci	2022	1
Decoding myofibroblast origins in human kidney fibrosis. [PMID:33176333]	Kuppe C, Ibrahim MM, Kranz J, Zhang X, Z	Nature	2021	1
APOE4 leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction predicting cognitive decline. [PMID:32376954]	Montagne A, Nation DA, Sagare AP, Barisa	Nature	2020	1
Pathogenic Variants and Olipudase Alfa Treatment of Patients With Acid Sphingomy [PMID:41692468]	["Hsu-Heng Lin", "Hui-An Chen", "Shyh-Je	Molecular genetics & genom	2026	0
Multi-omics analysis identifies SMPD1 as a key contributor in sphingolipid pathw [PMID:41428198]	["Aron Park", "Baeki E Kang", "Eun-Ju Ji	Genes & genomics	2026	0
Pathophysiology of Primary Familial Brain Calcification. [PMID:41212990]	Keller A	Annual review of physiology	2026	0
A FZD4/LRP5 agonist restores pericyte coverage and vascular integrity by increas [PMID:41890033]	Levey J, Howe M, Douglas K, Odame E, Raj	bioRxiv : the preprint server	2026	0
A multi-dimensional bioinformatic dissection of the molecular mechanisms in high [PMID:41191606]	Yu X MD, Lei J MSc, Du X MSc, He Y MSc,	Int J Surg	2026	0
Plasma metabolites may inhibit childhood obesity by regulating ferroptosis throu [PMID:41249848]	Wang JG, Pan XH, Li Y	Int J Obes (Lond)	2026	0
Multi-omics analysis identifies SMPD1 as a key contributor in sphingolipid pathw [PMID:41428198]	Park A, Kang BE, Jin EJ, Kim HJ, Lee CW	Genes Genomics	2026	0
AXL Promotes Ischemic Myelin Repair Through Alleviating Myelin Debris Deposition [PMID:41524160]	Jia J, Gan Y, Li J, Li L, Meng H et al.	Adv Sci (Weinh)	2026	0
Pathogenic Variants and Olipudase Alfa Treatment of Patients With Acid Sphingomy [PMID:41692468]	Lin HH, Chen HA, Lin SJ, Hsu RH, Lee NC	Mol Genet Genomic Med	2026	0
Nano-Enabled Fluorescence Switching: A Novel Strategy for PDGFRβ Detection and T [PMID:41884335]	Fu X, Fan J, Chen H, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Zha	Research (Washington, D.C.)	2026	0
Loss of Pericyte Exacerbates Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Retinal Pathology. [PMID:41814129]	Hai-Chao C, Fu-Lin G, Jia-Xin C, Yi-Shu	Clinical & experimental ophtha	2026	0
Central nervous system pericytes express soluble ST2 in inflammation and injury. [PMID:41857656]	Jansson D, Highet B, Li S, Stevenson TJ,	Molecular brain	2026	0
Astrocyte-Glioblastoma Stem Cell Interactions via Extracellular Vesicles Contrib [PMID:41712235]	Shirai Y, Tsuda M, Wang L, Oda Y, Sugizn	Pathology international	2026	0
AXL Promotes Ischemic Myelin Repair Through Alleviating Myelin Debris Deposition [PMID:41524160]	Jia J, Gan Y, Li J, Li L, Meng H, Sun M,	Advanced science (Weinheim, Ba	2026	0

Debates (11)

Multi-agent debates referencing this entity

Blood-brain barrier permeability changes as early biomarkers for neurodegenerati

active · Rounds: 7 · Score: 0.00 · 2026-04-26

How does the gut microbiome composition differ between PD patients and healthy c

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.30 · 2026-04-21

The debate identified systemic toxicity as a major concern for glucosylceramide

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-20

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-20

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-18

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.50 · 2026-04-18

Is the gut microbiome a driver of PD pathology via SCFA depletion, or is dysbios

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.70 · 2026-04-16

PGC-1α is known to enhance mitochondrial function and antioxidant responses, yet

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.70 · 2026-04-16

This study identifies oligodendrocytes as drivers of neuroinflammation in PD, co

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.79 · 2026-04-13

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

closed · Rounds: 4 · Score: 0.95 · 2026-04-11

Related Research

Hypotheses and analyses mentioning PD in their description or question text

PD

Understanding Entity Pages

Summary

Wiki Pages (21)

Astrocyte Metabolic Enhancement Therapy for PD

PD Combination Therapy Matrix

PD Cure Roadmap

Epigenetic Dysregulation Comparison -- AD/PD/ALS/FTD/HD

GBA1→GCase→Lysosome→PD Causal Chain

Lipid Metabolism Dysfunction Comparison — AD/PD/ALS/FTD/HD

Autophagy-Lysosomal Impairment Comparison — AD/PD/ALS/FTD/HD

Neuroinflammation Across AD, PD, ALS, FTD, and HD

Portable Driving Simulator for PD Assessment (NCT03969927)

Autophagy Failure Comparison -- AD/PD/ALS/FTD/HD

Experiment: Multi-Ethnic PD GWAS

PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Signaling in Neurodegeneration

ND0612 Subcutaneous Levodopa Infusion PD Trial (NCT04006210)

ERP57 (PDIA3) — Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3

PDHX Gene

PDCD10 Gene (Programmed Cell Death 10)

PD Failed Approaches Autopsy

Neuroinflammation Comparison — AD/PD/ALS/FTD/HD

NCT07172295: Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for PD Tremor

PDIA3 - Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3

RAB39B Endosomal-Lysosomal Dysfunction PD Causal Chain

Pathway Diagram

Outgoing (213)

Incoming (697)

Targeting Hypotheses (15)

Mentioning Analyses (10)

Blood-brain barrier permeability changes as early biomarkers for neurodegenerati

Microglial subtypes in neurodegeneration — friend vs foe

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

Gut Microbiome Analysis in Parkinson's Disease

Why does PGC-1α overexpression paradoxically increase MPTP toxicity despite enha

How do oligodendrocytes initiate neuroinflammation in PD when microglia are trad

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

What is the therapeutic window between GCS inhibition efficacy and systemic toxi

Microglial subtypes in neurodegeneration — friend vs foe

Experiments (7)

Related Papers (20)

Debates (11)

Blood-brain barrier permeability changes as early biomarkers for neurodegenerati

How does the gut microbiome composition differ between PD patients and healthy c

The debate identified systemic toxicity as a major concern for glucosylceramide

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

Analyze the spectrum of microglial activation states (DAM, homeostatic, inflamma

Is the gut microbiome a driver of PD pathology via SCFA depletion, or is dysbios

PGC-1α is known to enhance mitochondrial function and antioxidant responses, yet

This study identifies oligodendrocytes as drivers of neuroinflammation in PD, co

Does reduced Prevotellaceae abundance cause PD pathology or result from it?

Related Research

Pericyte-First Sequential Biomarker Cascade — Soluble PDGFR-β as Sentinel Event

Cyclophilin D (CypD) Displacement by Mitochondrial TDP-43

PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ/STAT3 Paracrine Signaling Axis Mediates Aβ-Induced SPP1 Upregulat

Aβ-induced downregulation of circPDS5B derepresses TDP-43 mRNA translation in li

Metabolic Rescue PDH Activation (H5): Indirect Lipogenesis Suppression

Platelet-Derived PDGF-BB Primes VSMCs for P2RY12 Upregulation

Cerebral VSMC foam cells induce pericyte detachment via PDGF-BB/VEGF imbalance,

Metabolic Reprogramming Toward GAPDH Inhibition

Pharmacologic modulation of D2 autoreceptor-Gi/o signaling in established PD mod

PDE10A Inhibition to Bypass RGS6 Deficiency via cAMP Pathway Normalization