| Asymmetric parkinsonism | Rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor affecting one side |
| Cortical signs | Ideomotor apraxia, alien limb phenomenon, cortical sensory loss |
| Early speech/voice changes | Reduced volume, mild dysarthria |
| Myoclonus | Action myoclonus in up to 40% of patients |
| Bilateral motor symptoms | Both sides affected, though asymmetry persists |
| Cognitive decline | Executive dysfunction, visuospatial deficits, language difficulties |
| Gait instability | Increased fall frequency, often requiring assistive devices |
| Dysphagia | Swallowing difficulties emerge, increasing aspiration risk |
| Behavioral changes | Depression, anxiety, apathy |
| Severe motor disability | Wheelchair dependence, profound bradykinesia |
| Complete loss of ambulation | Bedbound or total care required |
| Severe cognitive impairment | Global dementia, loss of verbal communication |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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