| Mining and ore processing | Manganese mining and concentration |
| Steel and metallurgy | Ferroalloy production, steel manufacturing |
| Welding | Particularly gas metal arc welding and flux-cored arc welding |
| Battery manufacturing | Production of alkaline and lithium-manganese batteries |
| Glass and ceramics | Manganese as a coloring agent |
| Chemical industry | Production of manganese compounds |
| Duration of exposure | Typically 1-20 years of occupational exposure |
| Intensity of exposure | Air concentrations above 1 mg/m³ associated with increased risk |
| Individual susceptibility | Genetic factors affecting manganese metabolism |
| Pre-existing liver disease | Impaired manganese excretion increases vulnerability |
| Nutritional status | Iron deficiency enhances manganese absorption |
| Age | Typically presents in middle-aged workers (40-60 years) |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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