| Gene Symbol | ADPD2026SEEDAMPLIFICATIONASSAYS |
| Detection limit | Femtomolar sensitivity — can detect single pathogenic seeds in cerebrospinal fluid |
| Assay time | 24-120 hours depending on the protein target and desired sensitivity |
| Sample requirements | CSF is the gold standard; blood-based assays now available for alpha-synuclein |
| Format | 96-well plate, enabling high-throughput screening |
| Read-out | ThT fluorescence kinetics — the rate and amplitude of amplification indicate seed concentration and properties |
| Sensitivity | Comparable to RT-QuIC, with some configurations achieving even lower detection limits |
| Specificity | 90-98% for distinguishing synucleinopathies from controls and other neurodegenerative disorders |
| Prodromal detection | Positive results in 50-70% of individuals with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a well-established prodromal PD state[@fairfoul2024] |
| Speed | Typically faster than RT-QuIC — reactions can complete in 12-48 hours |
| Automation | More challenging to automate than RT-QuIC, limiting high-throughput applications |
| Adaptability | Excellent for detecting amyloid-beta and tau in addition to alpha-synuclein |
| Flow cytometric detection | Bead-based aggregation with flow cytometry read-out for higher throughput |
| FRET-based assays | Fluorescence resonance energy transfer approaches for real-time monitoring |
| Electrochemical sensors | Label-free detection methods using imprinted polymers |
| Membrane-based PMCA | Improved substrate presentation for more efficient conversion |
| Databases | GeneCardsUniProtNCBI GeneHPASTRING |
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