| Prefrontal cortex | Involved in emotional regulation and social behavior |
| Anterior cingulate cortex | Plays a role in emotional processing |
| Brainstem nuclei | Including the nucleus ambiguus and facial nucleus, which control facial expressions and vocalizations |
| Cerebellum | Contributes to emotional timing and modulation [@parvizi2001] |
| Serotonin | Modulates mood and emotional responses |
| Dopamine | Involved in reward and emotional processing |
| Glutamate | The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in corticobulbar pathways |
| Stroke | Particularly strokes affecting the brainstem, thalamus, or frontal lobes can cause PBA. Post-stroke PBA affects approximately 10-15% of stroke survivors [@house1989]. |
| Cerebral Small Vessel Disease | Chronic white matter changes can disrupt corticobulbar pathways. |
| Multiple Sclerosis | Demyelinating lesions in key brain regions can cause PBA |
| Brain tumors | Tumors affecting emotional regulation pathways |
| Emotional Lability Questionnaire (ELQ) | Assesses frequency and impact of symptoms |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
No AI portrait yet
No comments yet. Be the first to comment!