| Pre-AIDS era | Extremely rare, with fewer than 200 cases reported in the medical literature by 1984 |
| Antiretroviral therapy (ART) era | Combined ART has reduced PML incidence in HIV patients by approximately 50–60%, though it remains a significant complication |
| Drug-associated PML | The natalizumab era (post-2005) brought renewed attention to PML risk in iatrogenic immunosuppression |
| Rituximab | Anti-CD20 antibody used in lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and MS |
| Early region | Encodes large T antigen (T-Ag) and small t antigen — regulatory proteins essential for viral DNA replication and host cell cycle manipulation |
| Late region | Encodes the structural capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, and the regulatory agnoprotein |
| Non-coding control region (NCCR) | Contains the origin of replication and promoter/enhancer elements; rearrangements in this region are critical for neurotropism and PML pathogenesis |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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