| Single-domain aMCI | Memory impairment in isolation, with preserved performance in other cognitive domains (language, executive function, visuospatial skills). |
| Multi-domain aMCI | Memory impairment accompanied by deficits in one or more additional cognitive domains. |
| Single-domain naMCI | Impairment limited to a single non-memory domain. |
| Multi-domain naMCI | Deficits across two or more non-memory domains. |
| A (Amyloid) | Amyloid-Beta 42 (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid PET positivity. |
| T ([tau-protein | Phosphorylated tau (p-tau181, p-tau217, p-tau231) in CSF or tau] PET positivity. |
| N (Neurodegeneration) | Total tau, neurofilament light chain ([neurofilament-light, MRI volumetric measures, or FDG-PET hypometabolism. |
| Inflammatory/immune mechanisms | Including markers of microglial/cell-types/microglia for detecting amyloid and tau pathology, approaching CSF biomarker performance. |
| Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | Modestly predictive of amyloid PET status. |
| Plasma neurofilament-light | Elevated in MCI due to multiple etiologies, useful as a general neurodegeneration marker. |
| Plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein | Reflects astrocytes reactivity and may indicate early inflammatory changes. |
| amyloid PET | Gold standard for detecting amyloid plaque burden in vivo. |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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