| Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) | L-type (Cav1.2, Cav1.3), N-type (Cav2.2), P/Q-type (Cav2.1), T-type (Cav3.x) |
| Ligand-gated channels | NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
| Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) | STIM1 sensor + Orai1 channel |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Major intracellular store, release via IP₃ receptors and ryanodine receptors |
| Mitochondria | Rapid uptake via mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), buffering during calcium overload |
| Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) | Low-capacity, high-affinity extrusion |
| Sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) | High-capacity, low-affinity |
| Calbindin-D28k | Fast cytosolic buffer |
| Parvalbumin | Slow calcium buffer |
| Calmodulin | Calcium sensor protein |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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