| Disease severity | More advanced cognitive impairment correlates with higher agitation prevalence |
| Pain | Unrecognized or undertreated pain is a major contributor |
| Sensory impairments | Visual or hearing loss can lead to confusion and frustration |
| Sleep disturbances | Sundowning and sleep-wake cycle disruptions |
| Environmental factors | Overstimulating or under-stimulating environments |
| Medication effects | Anticholinergic medications, benzodiazepines, and other drugs [@neuropsychiatric][@tools] |
| Neurotransmitter dysregulation | Reduced acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA levels; elevated dopamine |
| Frontal lobe dysfunction | Executive control deficits impair ability to regulate behavior |
| White matter lesions | Vascular changes affect frontal-subcortical circuits |
| Neuroinflammation | Elevated cytokines may contribute to behavioral changes [@tools][@early] |
| Amyloid and tau pathology | Direct effects on circuits governing emotional regulation |
| Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) | Assesses behavioral symptoms including agitation |
| Databases | OMIMOrphanetClinicalTrialsPubMed |
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