Neuroinflammation and microglial priming in early Alzheimer's Disease¶
Notebook ID: nb-SDA-2026-04-04-gap-20260404-microglial-priming-early-ad · Analysis: SDA-2026-04-04-gap-20260404-microglial-priming-early-ad · Generated: 2026-04-26T23:48:31
Research question¶
Investigate mechanistic links between early microglial priming states, neuroinflammatory signaling, and downstream neurodegeneration in preclinical and prodromal AD.
Approach¶
This notebook is generated programmatically from real Forge tool calls and SciDEX debate data. Forge tools used: PubMed Search, MyGene, STRING PPI, Reactome pathways, Enrichr.
Debate Summary¶
Quality score: 0.95 · Rounds: 5
1. Target gene annotations (MyGene + Human Protein Atlas)¶
import pandas as pd
ann_rows = [{'gene': 'APOE', 'name': 'apolipoprotein E', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovascular disease g", 'disease_involvement': "['Alzheimer disease', 'Amyloidosis', 'Cancer-related genes', 'Disease variant', "}, {'gene': 'ARNTL', 'name': 'clock circadian regulator', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'C1QA', 'name': 'complement C1q A chain', 'protein_class': "['Disease related genes', 'Human disease related genes', 'Pl", 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'C3', 'name': 'complement C3', 'protein_class': "['Candidate cardiovascular disease genes', 'Disease related ", 'disease_involvement': "['Age-related macular degeneration', 'Disease variant', 'FDA approved drug targe"}, {'gene': 'CLOCK', 'name': 'clock circadian regulator', 'protein_class': "['Enzymes', 'Metabolic proteins', 'Predicted intracellular p", 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'CX3CL1', 'name': 'C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1', 'protein_class': "['Plasma proteins', 'Predicted membrane proteins', 'Predicte", 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'CX3CR1', 'name': 'C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1', 'protein_class': "['Disease related genes', 'G-protein coupled receptors', 'Hu", 'disease_involvement': "['Age-related macular degeneration']"}, {'gene': 'DNMT3A', 'name': 'DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease related genes', 'Enzymes',", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease variant', 'Dwarfism', 'Intellectual disability"}, {'gene': 'GPR109A', 'name': 'hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'GPR43', 'name': 'free fatty acid receptor 2', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'HDAC1', 'name': 'histone deacetylase 1', 'protein_class': "['Enzymes', 'FDA approved drug targets', 'Plasma proteins', ", 'disease_involvement': "['FDA approved drug targets']"}, {'gene': 'HIF1A', 'name': 'hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Human disease related genes', 'Met", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes']"}, {'gene': 'IGFBPL1', 'name': 'insulin like growth factor binding protein like 1', 'protein_class': "['Predicted secreted proteins']", 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'IL1B', 'name': 'interleukin 1 beta', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovascular disease g", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug targets']"}, {'gene': 'IL6', 'name': 'interleukin 6', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovascular disease g", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug targets']"}, {'gene': 'MULTIPLE', 'name': 'exostoses (multiple) 3', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'NFKB1', 'name': 'nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease related genes', 'FDA appro", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug targets']"}, {'gene': 'NLRP3', 'name': 'NLR family pyrin domain containing 3', 'protein_class': "['Cancer-related genes', 'Human disease related genes', 'Pre", 'disease_involvement': "['Cancer-related genes']"}, {'gene': 'TNF', 'name': 'tumor necrosis factor', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}, {'gene': 'TNFA', 'name': 'tumor necrosis factor', 'protein_class': '—', 'disease_involvement': '—'}]
pd.DataFrame(ann_rows)
| gene | name | protein_class | disease_involvement | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | APOE | apolipoprotein E | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovasc... | ['Alzheimer disease', 'Amyloidosis', 'Cancer-r... |
| 1 | ARNTL | clock circadian regulator | — | — |
| 2 | C1QA | complement C1q A chain | ['Disease related genes', 'Human disease relat... | — |
| 3 | C3 | complement C3 | ['Candidate cardiovascular disease genes', 'Di... | ['Age-related macular degeneration', 'Disease ... |
| 4 | CLOCK | clock circadian regulator | ['Enzymes', 'Metabolic proteins', 'Predicted i... | — |
| 5 | CX3CL1 | C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 | ['Plasma proteins', 'Predicted membrane protei... | — |
| 6 | CX3CR1 | C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1 | ['Disease related genes', 'G-protein coupled r... | ['Age-related macular degeneration'] |
| 7 | DNMT3A | DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease related gene... | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease variant', 'D... |
| 8 | GPR109A | hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 | — | — |
| 9 | GPR43 | free fatty acid receptor 2 | — | — |
| 10 | HDAC1 | histone deacetylase 1 | ['Enzymes', 'FDA approved drug targets', 'Plas... | ['FDA approved drug targets'] |
| 11 | HIF1A | hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Human disease relate... | ['Cancer-related genes'] |
| 12 | IGFBPL1 | insulin like growth factor binding protein like 1 | ['Predicted secreted proteins'] | — |
| 13 | IL1B | interleukin 1 beta | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovasc... | ['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug ta... |
| 14 | IL6 | interleukin 6 | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Candidate cardiovasc... | ['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug ta... |
| 15 | MULTIPLE | exostoses (multiple) 3 | — | — |
| 16 | NFKB1 | nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Disease related gene... | ['Cancer-related genes', 'FDA approved drug ta... |
| 17 | NLRP3 | NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 | ['Cancer-related genes', 'Human disease relate... | ['Cancer-related genes'] |
| 18 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor | — | — |
| 19 | TNFA | tumor necrosis factor | — | — |
2. GO Biological Process enrichment (Enrichr)¶
go_bp = [{'rank': 1, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of NF-kappaB Transcription Factor Activity (GO:0051092)', 'p_value': 9.091770008863585e-11, 'odds_ratio': 73.657824933687, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'CLOCK', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 2, 'term': 'Regulation Of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation (GO:0048660)', 'p_value': 1.7837089378996073e-09, 'odds_ratio': 135.58503401360545, 'genes': ['IL6', 'HDAC1', 'APOE', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 3, 'term': 'Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222)', 'p_value': 1.8147739036301002e-09, 'odds_ratio': 72.13801452784503, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'NFKB1']}, {'rank': 4, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of DNA-binding Transcription Factor Activity (GO:0051091)', 'p_value': 2.6448307696605873e-09, 'odds_ratio': 44.47602188606373, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'CLOCK', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 5, 'term': 'Microglial Cell Activation (GO:0001774)', 'p_value': 3.4856231082538815e-09, 'odds_ratio': 311.9375, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'C1QA', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 6, 'term': 'Regulation Of Lipid Storage (GO:0010883)', 'p_value': 4.303029496793e-09, 'odds_ratio': 293.5735294117647, 'genes': ['C3', 'IL6', 'TNF', 'NFKB1']}, {'rank': 7, 'term': 'Regulation Of Neurogenesis (GO:0050767)', 'p_value': 5.40302432763974e-09, 'odds_ratio': 107.08602150537635, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 8, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production (GO:0010575)', 'p_value': 7.625177432915028e-09, 'odds_ratio': 249.5, 'genes': ['C3', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'HIF1A']}, {'rank': 9, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of I-kappaB Phosphorylation (GO:1903721)', 'p_value': 8.538975432762311e-09, 'odds_ratio': 1762.764705882353, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 10, 'term': 'Regulation Of Calcidiol 1-Monooxygenase Activity (GO:0060558)', 'p_value': 8.538975432762311e-09, 'odds_ratio': 1762.764705882353, 'genes': ['IL1B', 'TNF', 'NFKB1']}]
go_df = pd.DataFrame(go_bp)[['term','p_value','odds_ratio','genes']]
go_df['p_value'] = go_df['p_value'].apply(lambda p: f'{p:.2e}')
go_df['odds_ratio'] = go_df['odds_ratio'].round(1)
go_df['term'] = go_df['term'].str[:60]
go_df['n_hits'] = go_df['genes'].apply(len)
go_df['genes'] = go_df['genes'].apply(lambda g: ', '.join(g))
go_df[['term','n_hits','p_value','odds_ratio','genes']]
| term | n_hits | p_value | odds_ratio | genes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Positive Regulation Of NF-kappaB Transcription... | 7 | 9.09e-11 | 73.7 | CX3CR1, IL6, IL1B, NLRP3, TNF, CLOCK, CX3CL1 |
| 1 | Regulation Of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation... | 5 | 1.78e-09 | 135.6 | IL6, HDAC1, APOE, TNF, CX3CL1 |
| 2 | Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide (GO:00... | 6 | 1.81e-09 | 72.1 | CX3CR1, IL6, IL1B, NLRP3, TNF, NFKB1 |
| 3 | Positive Regulation Of DNA-binding Transcripti... | 7 | 2.64e-09 | 44.5 | CX3CR1, IL6, IL1B, NLRP3, TNF, CLOCK, CX3CL1 |
| 4 | Microglial Cell Activation (GO:0001774) | 4 | 3.49e-09 | 311.9 | CX3CR1, C1QA, TNF, CX3CL1 |
| 5 | Regulation Of Lipid Storage (GO:0010883) | 4 | 4.30e-09 | 293.6 | C3, IL6, TNF, NFKB1 |
| 6 | Regulation Of Neurogenesis (GO:0050767) | 5 | 5.40e-09 | 107.1 | CX3CR1, IL6, IL1B, TNF, CX3CL1 |
| 7 | Positive Regulation Of Vascular Endothelial Gr... | 4 | 7.63e-09 | 249.5 | C3, IL6, IL1B, HIF1A |
| 8 | Positive Regulation Of I-kappaB Phosphorylatio... | 3 | 8.54e-09 | 1762.8 | CX3CR1, TNF, CX3CL1 |
| 9 | Regulation Of Calcidiol 1-Monooxygenase Activi... | 3 | 8.54e-09 | 1762.8 | IL1B, TNF, NFKB1 |
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
go_bp = [{'rank': 1, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of NF-kappaB Transcription Factor Activity (GO:0051092)', 'p_value': 9.091770008863585e-11, 'odds_ratio': 73.657824933687, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'CLOCK', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 2, 'term': 'Regulation Of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation (GO:0048660)', 'p_value': 1.7837089378996073e-09, 'odds_ratio': 135.58503401360545, 'genes': ['IL6', 'HDAC1', 'APOE', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 3, 'term': 'Cellular Response To Lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222)', 'p_value': 1.8147739036301002e-09, 'odds_ratio': 72.13801452784503, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'NFKB1']}, {'rank': 4, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of DNA-binding Transcription Factor Activity (GO:0051091)', 'p_value': 2.6448307696605873e-09, 'odds_ratio': 44.47602188606373, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'NLRP3', 'TNF', 'CLOCK', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 5, 'term': 'Microglial Cell Activation (GO:0001774)', 'p_value': 3.4856231082538815e-09, 'odds_ratio': 311.9375, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'C1QA', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 6, 'term': 'Regulation Of Lipid Storage (GO:0010883)', 'p_value': 4.303029496793e-09, 'odds_ratio': 293.5735294117647, 'genes': ['C3', 'IL6', 'TNF', 'NFKB1']}, {'rank': 7, 'term': 'Regulation Of Neurogenesis (GO:0050767)', 'p_value': 5.40302432763974e-09, 'odds_ratio': 107.08602150537635, 'genes': ['CX3CR1', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'TNF', 'CX3CL1']}, {'rank': 8, 'term': 'Positive Regulation Of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production (GO:0010575)', 'p_value': 7.625177432915028e-09, 'odds_ratio': 249.5, 'genes': ['C3', 'IL6', 'IL1B', 'HIF1A']}]
terms = [t['term'][:45] for t in go_bp][::-1]
neglogp = [-np.log10(max(t['p_value'], 1e-300)) for t in go_bp][::-1]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 4.5))
ax.barh(terms, neglogp, color='#4fc3f7')
ax.set_xlabel('-log10(p-value)')
ax.set_title('Top GO:BP enrichment (Enrichr)')
ax.grid(axis='x', alpha=0.3)
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()
3. STRING protein interaction network¶
ppi = [{'protein1': 'CX3CL1', 'protein2': 'CX3CR1', 'score': 0.999, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.618, 'dscore': 0.9, 'tscore': 0.983}, {'protein1': 'NFKB1', 'protein2': 'TNF', 'score': 0.846, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.846}, {'protein1': 'NFKB1', 'protein2': 'HDAC1', 'score': 0.975, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.564, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.947}, {'protein1': 'DNMT3A', 'protein2': 'HDAC1', 'score': 0.989, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.457, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.982}, {'protein1': 'HDAC1', 'protein2': 'HIF1A', 'score': 0.912, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.457, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.845}, {'protein1': 'HCAR2', 'protein2': 'FFAR2', 'score': 0.569, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.569}, {'protein1': 'ARNTL', 'protein2': 'HIF1A', 'score': 0.922, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.552, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.834}, {'protein1': 'ARNTL', 'protein2': 'CLOCK', 'score': 0.999, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.965, 'dscore': 0.8, 'tscore': 0.986}]
ppi_df = pd.DataFrame(ppi).sort_values('score', ascending=False)
display_cols = [c for c in ['protein1','protein2','score','escore','tscore'] if c in ppi_df.columns]
print(f'{len(ppi_df)} STRING edges')
ppi_df[display_cols].head(20)
8 STRING edges
| protein1 | protein2 | score | escore | tscore | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | CX3CL1 | CX3CR1 | 0.999 | 0.618 | 0.983 |
| 7 | ARNTL | CLOCK | 0.999 | 0.965 | 0.986 |
| 3 | DNMT3A | HDAC1 | 0.989 | 0.457 | 0.982 |
| 2 | NFKB1 | HDAC1 | 0.975 | 0.564 | 0.947 |
| 6 | ARNTL | HIF1A | 0.922 | 0.552 | 0.834 |
| 4 | HDAC1 | HIF1A | 0.912 | 0.457 | 0.845 |
| 1 | NFKB1 | TNF | 0.846 | 0.000 | 0.846 |
| 5 | HCAR2 | FFAR2 | 0.569 | 0.000 | 0.569 |
import math
ppi = [{'protein1': 'CX3CL1', 'protein2': 'CX3CR1', 'score': 0.999, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.618, 'dscore': 0.9, 'tscore': 0.983}, {'protein1': 'NFKB1', 'protein2': 'TNF', 'score': 0.846, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.846}, {'protein1': 'NFKB1', 'protein2': 'HDAC1', 'score': 0.975, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.564, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.947}, {'protein1': 'DNMT3A', 'protein2': 'HDAC1', 'score': 0.989, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.457, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.982}, {'protein1': 'HDAC1', 'protein2': 'HIF1A', 'score': 0.912, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.457, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.845}, {'protein1': 'HCAR2', 'protein2': 'FFAR2', 'score': 0.569, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.569}, {'protein1': 'ARNTL', 'protein2': 'HIF1A', 'score': 0.922, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.552, 'dscore': 0, 'tscore': 0.834}, {'protein1': 'ARNTL', 'protein2': 'CLOCK', 'score': 0.999, 'nscore': 0, 'fscore': 0, 'pscore': 0, 'ascore': 0, 'escore': 0.965, 'dscore': 0.8, 'tscore': 0.986}]
if ppi:
nodes = sorted({p for e in ppi for p in (e['protein1'], e['protein2'])})
n = len(nodes)
pos = {n_: (math.cos(2*math.pi*i/n), math.sin(2*math.pi*i/n)) for i, n_ in enumerate(nodes)}
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(7, 7))
for e in ppi:
x1,y1 = pos[e['protein1']]; x2,y2 = pos[e['protein2']]
ax.plot([x1,x2],[y1,y2], color='#888', alpha=0.3+0.5*e.get('score',0))
for name,(x,y) in pos.items():
ax.scatter([x],[y], s=450, color='#ffd54f', edgecolors='#333', zorder=3)
ax.annotate(name, (x,y), ha='center', va='center', fontsize=8, fontweight='bold', zorder=4)
ax.set_aspect('equal'); ax.axis('off')
ax.set_title(f'STRING PPI network ({len(ppi)} edges)')
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()
4. Reactome pathway footprint¶
pw_rows = [{'gene': 'APOE', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Nuclear signaling by ERBB4'}, {'gene': 'ARNTL', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian expression'}, {'gene': 'C1QA', 'n_pathways': 3, 'top_pathway': 'Initial triggering of complement'}, {'gene': 'C3', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Alternative complement activation'}, {'gene': 'CLOCK', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian expression'}, {'gene': 'CX3CL1', 'n_pathways': 2, 'top_pathway': 'Chemokine receptors bind chemokines'}, {'gene': 'CX3CR1', 'n_pathways': 4, 'top_pathway': 'Chemokine receptors bind chemokines'}, {'gene': 'DNMT3A', 'n_pathways': 6, 'top_pathway': 'PRC2 methylates histones and DNA'}, {'gene': 'GPR109A', 'n_pathways': 3, 'top_pathway': 'Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors'}, {'gene': 'GPR43', 'n_pathways': 2, 'top_pathway': 'G alpha (q) signalling events'}, {'gene': 'HDAC1', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Transcription of E2F targets under negative control by DREAM complex'}, {'gene': 'HIF1A', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-inducible Factor'}, {'gene': 'IGFBPL1', 'n_pathways': 0, 'top_pathway': '—'}, {'gene': 'IL1B', 'n_pathways': 7, 'top_pathway': 'Interleukin-1 processing'}, {'gene': 'IL6', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Interleukin-6 signaling'}, {'gene': 'MULTIPLE', 'n_pathways': 0, 'top_pathway': '—'}, {'gene': 'NFKB1', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells'}, {'gene': 'NLRP3', 'n_pathways': 6, 'top_pathway': 'Metalloprotease DUBs'}, {'gene': 'TNF', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation'}, {'gene': 'TNFA', 'n_pathways': 8, 'top_pathway': 'Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte differentiation'}]
pd.DataFrame(pw_rows).sort_values('n_pathways', ascending=False)
| gene | n_pathways | top_pathway | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | APOE | 8 | Nuclear signaling by ERBB4 |
| 1 | ARNTL | 8 | BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian expression |
| 3 | C3 | 8 | Alternative complement activation |
| 4 | CLOCK | 8 | BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian expression |
| 16 | NFKB1 | 8 | Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells |
| 11 | HIF1A | 8 | Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-induc... |
| 10 | HDAC1 | 8 | Transcription of E2F targets under negative co... |
| 14 | IL6 | 8 | Interleukin-6 signaling |
| 19 | TNFA | 8 | Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte ... |
| 18 | TNF | 8 | Transcriptional regulation of white adipocyte ... |
| 13 | IL1B | 7 | Interleukin-1 processing |
| 7 | DNMT3A | 6 | PRC2 methylates histones and DNA |
| 17 | NLRP3 | 6 | Metalloprotease DUBs |
| 6 | CX3CR1 | 4 | Chemokine receptors bind chemokines |
| 2 | C1QA | 3 | Initial triggering of complement |
| 8 | GPR109A | 3 | Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors |
| 9 | GPR43 | 2 | G alpha (q) signalling events |
| 5 | CX3CL1 | 2 | Chemokine receptors bind chemokines |
| 15 | MULTIPLE | 0 | — |
| 12 | IGFBPL1 | 0 | — |
5. Hypothesis ranking (14 hypotheses)¶
hyp_data = [('Microbiota-Microglia Axis Modulation', 0.651), ('Epigenetic Reprogramming of Microglial Memory', 0.647), ('Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammatory Dual Targeting', 0.627), ('Perinatal Immune Challenge Prevention', 0.616), ('Synaptic Pruning Precision Therapy', 0.612), ('APOE4-Lipid Metabolism Correction', 0.61), ('Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammation Crosstalk Interruption', 0.587), ('IGFBPL1-Mediated Homeostatic Restoration', 0.584), ('Complement-Mediated Synaptic Protection', 0.58), ('IGFBPL1-Mediated Microglial Reprogramming', 0.579), ('TREM2-P2RY12 Balance Restoration Therapy', 0.571), ('Temporal Gating of Microglial Responses', 0.565), ('Gut-Brain Axis Microbiome Modulation', 0.557), ('Perinatal Hypoxia-Primed Microglia Targeting', 0.548)]
titles = [h[0] for h in hyp_data][::-1]
scores = [h[1] for h in hyp_data][::-1]
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, max(8, len(titles)*0.4)))
colors = ['#ef5350' if s >= 0.6 else '#ffa726' if s >= 0.5 else '#66bb6a' for s in scores]
ax.barh(range(len(titles)), scores, color=colors)
ax.set_yticks(range(len(titles))); ax.set_yticklabels(titles, fontsize=7)
ax.set_xlabel('Composite Score'); ax.set_title("Neuroinflammation and microglial priming in early Alzheimer's Disease")
ax.grid(axis='x', alpha=0.3)
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()
6. Score dimension heatmap (top 10)¶
labels = ['Microbiota-Microglia Axis Modulation', 'Epigenetic Reprogramming of Microglial M', 'Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammatory Dual Ta', 'Perinatal Immune Challenge Prevention', 'Synaptic Pruning Precision Therapy', 'APOE4-Lipid Metabolism Correction', 'Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammation Crossta', 'IGFBPL1-Mediated Homeostatic Restoration', 'Complement-Mediated Synaptic Protection', 'IGFBPL1-Mediated Microglial Reprogrammin']
matrix = np.array([[0.6, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.7, 0.8], [0.8, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, 0.785, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.6], [0.4, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.62, 0.8, 0.7, 0.9, 0.6], [0.9, 0.1, 0.4, 0.3, 0.475, 0.2, 0.1, 0.3, 0.2], [0.7, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, 0.78, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5], [0.7, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.695, 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, 0.7], [0.5, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.76, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.4], [0.9, 0.3, 0.8, 0.7, 0.735, 0.6, 0.6, 0.2, 0.5], [0.6, 0.5, 0.7, 0.6, 0.58, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.3], [0.9, 0.3, 0.8, 0.7, 0.555, 0.3, 0.4, 0.2, 0.5]])
dims = ['novelty_score', 'feasibility_score', 'impact_score', 'mechanistic_plausibility_score', 'clinical_relevance_score', 'data_availability_score', 'reproducibility_score', 'druggability_score', 'safety_profile_score']
if matrix.size:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
im = ax.imshow(matrix, cmap='RdYlGn', aspect='auto', vmin=0, vmax=1)
ax.set_xticks(range(len(dims)))
ax.set_xticklabels([d.replace('_score','').replace('_',' ').title() for d in dims],
rotation=45, ha='right', fontsize=8)
ax.set_yticks(range(len(labels))); ax.set_yticklabels(labels, fontsize=7)
ax.set_title('Score dimensions — top hypotheses')
plt.colorbar(im, ax=ax, shrink=0.8)
plt.tight_layout(); plt.show()
else:
print('No score data available')
7. PubMed literature per hypothesis¶
Hypothesis 1: Microbiota-Microglia Axis Modulation¶
Target genes: Multiple · Composite score: 0.651
Molecular Mechanism and Rationale¶
The microbiota-microglia axis represents a sophisticated bidirectional communication network that fundamentally influences neuroinflammatory processes and microglial phenotypic states. This therapeutic approach targets the transition from homeostatic microglia t
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6f21f62a')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6f21f62a
Hypothesis 2: Epigenetic Reprogramming of Microglial Memory¶
Target genes: DNMT3A, HDAC1/2 · Composite score: 0.647
Mechanistic Overview¶
Epigenetic Reprogramming of Microglial Memory starts from the claim that modulating DNMT3A, HDAC1/2 within the disease context of Alzheimer's disease can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "# Epigenetic Reprogramming of Microglial Memory: A N
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-e5f1182b')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-e5f1182b
Hypothesis 3: Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammatory Dual Targeting¶
Target genes: TNF/IL6 · Composite score: 0.627
Mechanistic Overview¶
Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammatory Dual Targeting starts from the claim that modulating TNF/IL6 within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammatory Dua
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6f1e8d32')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6f1e8d32
Hypothesis 4: Perinatal Immune Challenge Prevention¶
Target genes: Multiple · Composite score: 0.616
Mechanistic Overview¶
Perinatal Immune Challenge Prevention starts from the claim that modulating Multiple within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview Perinatal Immune Challenge Prevention starts
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-8f9633d9')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-8f9633d9
Hypothesis 5: Synaptic Pruning Precision Therapy¶
Target genes: C1QA, C3, CX3CR1, CX3CL1 · Composite score: 0.612
Synaptic Pruning Precision Therapy: Targeting Complement and Chemokine Signaling to Preserve Neuronal Connectivity¶
Scientific Background¶
Synaptic pruning represents a developmentally regulated process whereby immature or redundant synaptic connections are selectively eliminated to refine neur
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-494861d2')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-494861d2
Hypothesis 6: APOE4-Lipid Metabolism Correction¶
Target genes: APOE · Composite score: 0.61
Mechanistic Overview¶
APOE4-Lipid Metabolism Correction starts from the claim that modulating APOE within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## APOE4-Lipid Metabolism Correction ### Mechanistic Hypothesis Overview This
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-69bde12f')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-69bde12f
Hypothesis 7: Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammation Crosstalk Interruption¶
Target genes: IL1B, TNFA, NLRP3 · Composite score: 0.587
Cardiovascular-Neuroinflammation Crosstalk Interruption: Targeting Shared Inflammatory Mediators in Neurodegeneration¶
Scientific Background¶
Cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative pathology share more than epidemiological correlation—they are mechanistically linked through chronic system
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-cc1076c1')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-cc1076c1
Hypothesis 8: IGFBPL1-Mediated Homeostatic Restoration¶
Target genes: IGFBPL1 · Composite score: 0.584
Mechanistic Overview¶
IGFBPL1-Mediated Homeostatic Restoration starts from the claim that modulating IGFBPL1 within the disease context of Alzheimer's disease can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "# IGFBPL1-Mediated Homeostatic Restoration: Targeting Microglial
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-d4ff5555')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-d4ff5555
Hypothesis 9: Complement-Mediated Synaptic Protection¶
Target genes: C1QA · Composite score: 0.58
Mechanistic Overview¶
Complement-Mediated Synaptic Protection starts from the claim that modulating C1QA within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview Complement-Mediated Synaptic Protection starts
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-f19b8ac8')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-f19b8ac8
Hypothesis 10: IGFBPL1-Mediated Microglial Reprogramming¶
Target genes: IGFBPL1 · Composite score: 0.579
Mechanistic Overview¶
IGFBPL1-Mediated Microglial Reprogramming starts from the claim that modulating IGFBPL1 within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview IGFBPL1-Mediated Microglial Reprogramming
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6880f29b')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-6880f29b
Hypothesis 11: TREM2-P2RY12 Balance Restoration Therapy¶
Target genes: TREM2 · Composite score: 0.571
Mechanistic Overview¶
TREM2-P2RY12 Balance Restoration Therapy starts from the claim that modulating TREM2 within the disease context of neurodegeneration can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview TREM2-P2RY12 Balance Restoration Therapy star
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-ea3274ff')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-ea3274ff
Hypothesis 12: Temporal Gating of Microglial Responses¶
Target genes: CLOCK, ARNTL · Composite score: 0.565
Mechanistic Overview¶
Temporal Gating of Microglial Responses starts from the claim that modulating CLOCK, ARNTL within the disease context of Alzheimer's disease can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview Temporal Gating of Microglial Respons
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-828b3729')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-828b3729
Hypothesis 13: Gut-Brain Axis Microbiome Modulation¶
Target genes: GPR43, GPR109A · Composite score: 0.557
Gut-Brain Axis Microbiome Modulation: Preventing Neurodegeneration Through GPR43/GPR109A Signaling¶
Scientific Background¶
The gut microbiota exerts profound influence over central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network involving neura
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-48775971')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-48775971
Hypothesis 14: Perinatal Hypoxia-Primed Microglia Targeting¶
Target genes: HIF1A, NFKB1 · Composite score: 0.548
Mechanistic Overview¶
Perinatal Hypoxia-Primed Microglia Targeting starts from the claim that modulating HIF1A, NFKB1 within the disease context of Alzheimer's disease can redirect a disease-relevant process. The original description reads: "## Mechanistic Overview Perinatal Hypoxia-Primed Microgl
print('No PubMed results for hypothesis h-646ae8f1')
No PubMed results for hypothesis h-646ae8f1
8. Knowledge graph edges (83 total)¶
edge_data = [{'source': 'h-d4ff5555', 'relation': 'implicated_in', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.8}, {'source': 'h-d4ff5555', 'relation': 'targets', 'target': 'IGFBPL1', 'strength': 0.8}, {'source': 'h-494861d2', 'relation': 'implicated_in', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.7}, {'source': 'h-e5f1182b', 'relation': 'implicated_in', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.6}, {'source': 'h-e5f1182b', 'relation': 'targets', 'target': '2', 'strength': 0.6}, {'source': 'DNMT3A', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'perinatal_inflammation', 'relation': 'programs', 'target': 'microglial_priming', 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'TREM2', 'relation': 'promotes', 'target': 'disease_associated_microglia', 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'IGFBPL1', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'CX3CR1', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'TNFA', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'GPR43', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'GPR109A', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'HIF1A', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'microbiota', 'relation': 'modulates', 'target': 'microglia_activation', 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'C1QA, C3, CX3CR1, CX3CL1', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'ARNTL', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'HDAC2', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'CLOCK, ARNTL', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'DNMT3A, HDAC1/2', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'GPR43, GPR109A', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'HIF1A, NFKB1', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'IGFBPL1', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': 'neurodegeneration', 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'IL1B, TNFA, NLRP3', 'relation': 'associated_with', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}, {'source': 'CLOCK', 'relation': 'associated_with_microglia', 'target': "Alzheimer's disease", 'strength': 0.5}]
if edge_data:
pd.DataFrame(edge_data).head(25)
else:
print('No KG edge data available')
Caveats¶
This notebook uses real Forge tool calls from live APIs:
- Enrichment is against curated gene-set libraries (Enrichr)
- STRING/Reactome/HPA/MyGene reflect curated knowledge
- PubMed literature is search-relevance ranked, not systematic review
The cached evidence bundle is the minimum viable real-data analysis for this topic.