Capsaicin Alleviates Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction via PPARA-Mediated V-ATPase Subunit ATP6V0E1 Signaling in 3xTg-AD Mice.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2025

Autophagy-lysosomal pathway deficits contribute to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ), Tau, and lipid droplets in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Capsaicin, a specific agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), can improve cognitive function in AD patients, but the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Here, it is revealed that capsaicin ameliorated AD-related pathology by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA/PPARα, a key regulator of lipid metabolism) to promote lipid metabolism and reverse autophagy-lysosomal deficits. Molecular mechanism research found that capsaicin significantly activated the PPAR signaling pathway to promote lipid metabolism, with PPARA identified as the key transcription factor. In addition, capsaicin upregulated ATP6V0E1 (V-ATPase V0 complex subunit e1, involved in lysosomal acidification) expression through PPARA, restoring V-ATPase activity. This enhanced lysosomal acidification facilitated lipophagy (autophagic clearance of lipid droplets), while promoting the clearance of Aβ and Tau aggregates via the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Further, inhibition of ATP6V0E1 and PPARA expression blocked the effect of capsaicin on alleviating AD lipid pathology and cognitive deficits through autophagy-lysosomal flux. Taken together, capsaicin promotes lipid metabolism, reduces lipid deposition, and attenuates AD-related pathologies, while PPARA-ATP6V0E1-V-ATPase signaling mediated autophagy-lysosomal pathway plays a key role in this process.

6 Figures Extracted

Figure 1 PMC

Capsaicin improves spatial memory impairment in 3xTg‐AD mice. A) Experimental workflow of the in vivo study. B–G) The Morris water maze (MWM) was used...

Figure 2 PMC

Capsaicin activates PPAR signaling pathway to promote lipid metabolism and reduce lipid droplets aggregation in the hippocampus of 3xTg‐AD mice. A and...

Figure 3 PMC

Capsaicin promotes lipid degradation by enhancing the autophagy‐lysosomal pathway. A,B) Characterization of the staining of BODIPY and LAMP1 (lysosome...

Figure 4 PMC

Capsaicin increases ATP6V0E1‐associated lysosomal function in 3xTg‐AD mice. A) Volcano plots of 3xTg‐AD + Cap versus 3xTg‐AD mice for lysosome‐related...

Figure 5 PMC

Inhibition of ATP6V0E1 expression blocked the effect of capsaicin on reducing lipid deposition through autophagy‐lysosomal flux. A) The mRNA levels of...

Figure 6 PMC

Inhibition of PPARA expression blocked the effect of capsaicin on reducing lipid deposition through autophagy‐lysosomal flux. A,B) The protein level o...